Knowledge of the complex chemical plant-herbivore interactions is required to optimize the produc-tion of new crops. Plant populations generally show high genetic variability resulting in substantial intraspecific variation of plant traits. The use by plants of chemicals to kill non-mutualistic pests or limit the damage they cause is a very common phenomenon [17,18] which may also play a role in mutualistic interactions. Plants exposed to herbivory, pathogen infection, or a chemical elicitor of defense can assume a physiological “state of readiness” that enables a more effective response to subsequent attack relative to individuals that were not previously induced (Pastor et al., 2013). Many compounds act directly on the herbivore, whereas others act indirectly via the attraction of organisms from other trophic levels that, in turn, protect the plant. an example is holly, its plants are coated with waxes and resins that make them slippery and difficult for plant to eat. plants. When threatened, skunks perform a visual warning. Structural defences. Examples Alkaloids, cyanogens, terpenes Cellulose, lignins, silica, tannins ... that induces chemical defense in plants.! Chemical bombs might be common, but recruiting insect armies takes plant defence to a whole new level. Glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase on injury to plant to produce isothiocyanates and subsequently by PAL to toxic compounds injurious to the pathogen. Compared parasitism of caterpillars in induced vs non-induced Many plants have an inbuilt defence system that, when activated, releases hydrogen cyanide to ward off insects and fungi. Chemoreception - Chemoreception - Chemical defense: The best-known example of a vertebrate that uses odour for defense is the North American skunk. As integral parts of their defense strategy, plants have evolved not only to have constitutive chemical defenses, but also the ability to induce defenses. There are many adaptations which improve the survival and reproduction of plants by reducing the impact of herbivores.. This phenomenon, generally known as priming, involves increased transcription of defense-related genes and allows the plant to respond faster and more vigorously to herbivore attack (Baldwin et al., 2006). Almonds protect themselves with chemical weapons. Chemical Defense Many animals accumulate toxin from their food rather than synthesizing it from scratch. Some structural defense are present in the plant even before the pathogen comes in contact with the plant. Plants respond to her- Examples of this type of SM include cafeine, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, atrophine, plus capsaicine and other capsaicinoids. Structural defence mechanisms A. Pre formed or pre existing defense structures The first line of defense of a plant against pathogens is its surface,which the pathogen must adhere to and penetrate if it is to cause infection. Plant cell cultures, ... A and E were present in all the plant samples. PRE-EXISTING CHEMICAL DEFENSE Although structural characteristics may provide a plant with various degree of defense against attacking pathogens. Natural selection has favored strategies in plants that efficiently allocate resources to achieve a high net benefit to cost ratio. keeps animals from eating it because of its texture, or look. So far however, the importance of induced plant chemical defence in partner control has not been explored. assumption, there is an ongoing trend to identify and quantify the cost of chemical defense and plant resistance [4–12]; however, the cost of plant defense has only been successfully characterized in a few cases. Yes No N/A Are the facility’s grounds secured to prevent entry by unauthorized persons (e.g., by locked fence, gate or entry/exit doors, guard service)? Plant defence may directly affect insect growth and development through toxic secondary metabolites or indirectly by recruiting the natural enemies of the insect pest through herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and extrafloral nectar (Arimura et al. Some of the examples of chemical defenses are: Production of Latex (Calotropis gigantia), Production of Alkaloids like Nicotine, Caffine, Morphine, Cocaine etc. Analyzing plant defenses against herbivores in nature is often complicated by an extreme variability in multiple factors. It has now been established that biochemical defense mechanisms play more important role than the structural defense mechanisms. Some African trees such as acacias have evolved a full-board hotel service for ants. 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