Gnathostomes are subdivided into Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and Osteichthyes (bony fishes). The immune system consists of a collection of molecules, cells, and tissues, which protect the body from various pathogens and toxins. doi: 10.1128/AAC.50.1.185-195.2006, 137. There are over 1,000 species of cartilaginous fish, which are divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimeras) (7). The search for a genetic explanation. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4191, 272. Pilstrom L, Warr GW, Stromberg S. Why is the antibody response of Atlantic cod so poor? Sci Rep. (2019) 9:4776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41312-z, 143. Two interleukin-17C-like genes exist in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that are differentially expressed and modulated. The function of fish cytokines. Nikolich-Zugich J, Slifka MK, Messaoudi I. Rev Aquacult. Biology. Intraperitoneal injection of r-IL-4/13A in zebrafish increased the number of IgZ+ B cells circulating in the blood, compared to a PBS control injection (285), while r-IL-4/13A in rainbow trout modulates the expression of a number of Th2 genes (286). 42. In the case of T cells, a double positive T cell (CD4+ and CD8+) must bind MHC I or MHC II complex to be positively selected, which will induce the surviving T cell to become a CD8+ or CD4+ T cell, respectively. Distributed as sentinels throughout the body, DC are poised to capture Ag, migrate to draining … IgM in the serum of cartilaginous fish is found in two different states, a monomeric 7S and pentameric 19S, which are present in approximately equal amounts (183). (2016) 64:150–66. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Likewise, challenge with Vibrio harveyi increased expression of MHC II B mRNA in the gill, liver, and spleen of the white bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum), similar to teleost fish (252). Piazzon MC, Wentzel AS, Wiegerties GF, Forlenza M. Carp Il10a and Il10b exert identical biological activities in vitro, but are differentially regulated in vivo. (2015) 518:209–23. Hart S, Wrathmell AB, Harris JE, Doggett TA. Nature. Hohman VS, Stewart SE, Rumfelt LL, Greenberg AS, Avila DW, Flajnik MF, et al. Once it responds to a particular pathogen, the adaptive immune system keeps the memory of the pathogen, developing a strong immune response in the second time exposure. Virology. (2018) 9:1105. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01105, 57. (2010) 20:34–50. (20) identified an increase in proteins with known antimicrobial function including histones and S100 proteins in skin mucus of the lungfish P. dollo during terrestrialization. (2007) 31:687–95. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press (2016). Dev Comp Immunol. Dijkstra JM, Grimholt U, Leong J, Koop BF, Hashimoto K. Comprehensive analysis of MHC class II genes in teleost fish genomes reveals dispensability of the peptide-loading DM system in a large part of vertebrates. (2014) 4:1045–69. Semin Immunopathol. Effects of experimental terrestrialization on the skin mucus proteome of African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi). The immune response is broken down into innate immunity, which an organism is born with, and adaptive immunity, which an organism … J Immunol. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830260525, 204. Zhang YA, Salinas I, Li J, Parra D, Bjork S, Xu Z, et al. The third line of defence is through adaptive immunity. (1984) 21:397–404. Ab proteins are comprised of two heavy chains (IgH) and two light chains (IgL) held together by disulfide bonds forming a “Y” shaped quaternary structure (158). doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22559, 79. B lymphocytes from early vertebrates have potent phagocytic and microbicidal abilities. It shares a similar function in all jawed vertebrates, which includes mediating opsonization, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and complement activation, and thus contributes to both innate and adaptive immune responses (58, 102, 174, 175). identified a IL-4/IL-13 gene in the small spotted catshark genome (263). (2006) 109:183–7. The Evolution of the Immune System. Zhu L, Yan Z, Feng M, Peng D, Guo Y, Hu X, et al. (2014) 47:309–18. (2010) 29:356–61. Front Immunol. Sato A, Sultmann H, Mayer WE, Figueroa F, Tichy H, Klein J. cDNA sequence coding for the α'-chain of the third complement component in the African lungfish. “Innate Immune cells” By Template drawing and caption text from “The Immune System” (pdf) (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia 2. Due to an alternative splicing pathway, the transmembrane form of IgM is one domain shorter than the secreted form in teleost fish, resulting in a shortened IgM receptor on the B cell surface (178). Hamilton JA. While all three RIG-I-like receptors have been characterized in teleost fish, only RIG-I and MDA5 have been identified in the elephant shark and coelacanth genomes (54, 78). (2013) 41:657–65. The vertebrate immune system is divided into 2 subsystems—the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. As well, an IgM–/IgD+ B cell subset has been found mainly expressed in the gills, indicating a role for IgD in the gills (191–193). CD4+ T cells are stimulated by peptides presented via MHC-II molecules and, when activated, CD4+ T cells release cytokines that can activate and regulate responses elicited by the antigen (260). doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.04.003, 167. Principles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity Cells and molecules of the innate and adaptive immune responses work as an integrated host defense system to eliminate the infectious agent and provide long lasting protective immunity. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.07.009, 65. Mol Immunol. (2014) 157:111–8. Goshima M, Sekiguchi R, Matsushita M, Nonaka M. The complement system of elasmobranches revealed by liver transcriptome analysis of a hammerhead shark, Sphyrna zygaena. The existence of M1 and M2 cell populations, as well as EVs, have yet to be examined in cartilaginous and lobe-finned fish. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.05.005, 225. Chang CI, Zhang YA, Zou J, Nie P, Secombes CJ. (2011) 35:924–36. (2010) 184:6950–60. Depending on the species, differences may occur such as duplication of individual V, D, or J segments, or tandem duplication of C domain exons such as that found in Atlantic salmon and zebrafish (167, 168). In order to understand the evolution and functionality of the immune system in jawed vertebrates, a comparative analysis of the key branches of Gnathostomata (Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, and Sarcopterygii) is required. The scales of cartilaginous fish are called placoid scales, also known as denticles (16). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an enzyme that mediates somatic hypermutation (SHM) [i.e., a process that fine tunes the Ig, increasing its affinity (affinity maturation)], and mediates class switch recombination (CSR) (i.e., a process whereby the constant region of an antibody heavy chain is changed to a different isotype, thus changing its effector function) (221). Unlike the comprehensive studies conducted on AMPs in teleost fish, research into shark and lobe-finned fish AMPs has not been as extensive. Robey FA, Tanaka T, Liu TY. For example, the West African lungfish has three IgM isotypes, while the spotted lungfish (P. dolloi) has two. The second line of defence is through phagocytes; this is again produced by innate immunity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (2014). The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and does not retain memory of previous responses. Fish Shellfish Immunol. Ota T, Rast JP, Litman GW, Amemiya CT. Lineage-restricted retention of a primitive immunoglobulin heavy chain isotype within the Dipnoi reveals an evolutionary paradox. Mol Cell Biol. Davies DH, Lawson R, Burch SJ, Hanson JE. Dev Comp Immunol. J Biol Chem. Innate Immunity: Innate immunity refers to a naturally occurring immunity by the genetic constituents and the physiology of a person. In addition to inflammation, CRP and SAP have been shown to activate the complement pathways and play a role in the clearance of apoptotic cells (143, 145). (1991) 15:279–93. doi: 10.1006/fsim.2000.0320, 32. Fish Shellfish Immunol. Secombes CJ, Zou J, Bird S. Cytokines of cartilaginous fish. Research in sea bass detected T cells in the developing GALT at the same time as in the thymus, suggesting that the gut may also be a primary lymphoid organ for T cells in bony fish (33). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1304319110, 18. Received: 31 May 2019; Accepted: 10 September 2019; Published: 10 October 2019. Adaptive Immunity: Vaccination against a virus is an example of adaptive immunity. doi: 10.1002/eji.200425760, 184. Innate Immunity: Innate immunity does not develop memory cells. Immunobiology of the Shark. While most cartilaginous species have both organs, some species only have one, such as the nurse shark, which only has an epigonal organ (48). J Biol Chem. Saurabh S, Sahoo PK. Walsh CJ, Toranto JD, Gilliland CT, Noyes DR, Bodine AB, Luer CA. 153. They also activate the complement system of the body as well as adaptive immunity. J Morphol. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90074-E, 112. J Exp Zool. While AIM has not been identified in teleost or cartilaginous fish, two HIN200 domains, a PAMP-recognizing protein domain characteristic of AIM in mammals, were discovered in the coelacanth genome (78, 94). (1983) 15:437–55. (2008) 181:3310–22. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.08.011, 207. (2013) 41:5457–68. 1. In: Smith SL, Sim R, Flajnik M, editors. Scand J Immunol. In response to antigen, in combination with helper T cell interactions, B cells will secrete antigen–specific Abs. Liu Y, Iwasaki T, Watarai S, Kodama H. Effect of turpentine oil on C-reactive protein (CRP) production in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Anal administration of Vibrio anguillarum to carp (Cyprinus carpio) and intraperitoneal injection of V. anguillarum to sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) resulted in the production of B-cells and Igs in the gut (30, 31). Lazarovici P, Primor N, Loew LM. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507074103, 163. Difference Between Adaptive Immunity and Innate Immunity: Innate Immunity. J Immunol. Both innate and adaptive immunity consists of molecules, cells, and tissues, which fight against the pathogens. Hanington PC, Wang T, Secombes CJ, Belosevic M. Growth factors of lower vertebrates: characterization of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1. Innate Immunity. doi: 10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00037-4, 58. Major histocompatibility complex class I genes of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. (2005) 174:6608–16. Hordvik I, Berven FS, Solem ST, Hatten F, Endresen C. Analysis of two IgM isotypes in Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Due to its ability to respond to a large number of pathogens, adaptive immunity is considered as possessing a higher diversity. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00876.x, 218. Fish Shellfish Immunol. (2008) 32:204–12. A comparative study of pentraxin-like proteins in different fish species. Bioessays. Eur J Immunol. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19960601/15)275:2/3<125::AID-JEZ6>3.0.CO;2-F, 216. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M407634200, 91. Wang T, Martin SA, Secombes CJ. INNATE 6 hours 12 hours 1 week TIME ADAPTIVE … (2016) 7:11757. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11757, 19. Implications of the new cells involved. Mashoof S, Criscitiello MF. Instead, in teleost fish, the main site of hematopoiesis is the anterior (or head) kidney. doi: 10.1038/cr.2009.139, 105. An immunochemical and cellular analysis of the B cell response. Graham M, Shin DH, Smith SL. 212. Schematic of the conventional TCR forms found in all Gnathostomes and NARTCR found in cartilaginous fish. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5851, 215. 34.1 Overview of Adaptive Immunity 1. Groot Kormelink T, Mol S, de Jong EC, Wauben MHM. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1206625109, 10. Fish Sci. Fish Shellfish Immunol. Mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of teleost fish. The removal of pathogens by the innate immunity occurs either internally or externally. The strength of B cell interaction with antigen determines the degree of IgM polymerization. (2014) 46:11–23. Ray-finned fish comprise 99% of the Osteichthyes, of which 96% are from the infraclass Teleostei (9, 12). doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.009, 127. Wiley Blackwell (2015). (2008) 180:7461–70. Dooley H, Flajnik MF. The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization. Parra D, Korytar T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. 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